ࡱ>   Root Entry F+@ 1TablesWordDocument;0SummaryInformation5(,@ ; H!;xx$FW h, !"#$-./<=>?@ABCDEDocumentSummaryInformationAx8Aa8h8Kq`!8|CompObj%W|&ThHA{|xa8HA?gWAP, @XHPObjectPoolDHAH,_ ,@`8!HAH5|00Table@ `88RHa8RH AH$ =)9!B!@ W?A 8 [4@4NormalCJOJPJQJmH <A@<Default Paragraph Font0T`0 Block Text 2@2 Footnote TextCJ8&@8Footnote ReferenceH*I G t G0   H G ^ _ /H !Q!Q!Q!Q!Q!Q!Q!Q!Q!Q!Q!Q!Q!Q!Q!J!J!J ^ _ /EH..Unknown Brad DeLongJ. Bradford DeLong en1:H Brad DeLongKPwrbk 1400 HD:From old powerbook:Website:TCEH:1998_Draft:twenty-two:Vietnam Brad DeLong:Pwrbk 1400 HD:Temporary Items:AutoRecovery save of Vietnam Brad DeLong2Pwrbk 1400 HD:Temporary Items:Word Work File A 582 Brad DeLong2Pwrbk 1400 HD:Temporary Items:Word Work File A 582 Brad DeLong2Pwrbk 1400 HD:Temporary Items:Word Work File A 582@@K<Gopt9<IMkno hklQRUDEVl&I J H f y v w z ] ^ + - K y Root Entry F[+@ 1TablesWordDocument22SummaryInformation5(,@ ; H!;xx$FW h % !"#:&')*0-./1,3456789CDEDocumentSummaryInformationAx8Aa8h8Kq`!8|CompObj%W|&ThHA{|xa8HA?gWAP, @XHPObjectPoolDHAH,_ ,@`8!HAH5|00Table@ `88RHa8RH AH$ =)9!B!@ W?A 8   [4@4NormalCJOJPJQJmH <A@<Default Paragraph Font0T`0 Block Text 2@2 Footnote TextCJ8&@8Footnote ReferenceH*I  EE0    _ ` k !Q!Q!Q!Q!Q!Q!Q!Q!Q!Q!Q!Q!Q!Q!Q!J!J!J _ ` k00Unknown Brad DeLongJ. Bradford DeLong enmv Brad DeLongKPwrbk 1400 HD:From old powerbook:Website:TCEH:1998_Draft:twenty-two:Vietnam Brad DeLong:Pwrbk 1400 HD:Temporary Items:AutoRecovery save of Vietnam Brad DeLong2Pwrbk 1400 HD:Temporary Items:Word Work File A 582 Brad DeLong2Pwrbk 1400 HD:Temporary Items:Word Work Fil *3 ./1DEFGq q q& q( q< q\ qp q q qqq\qqqq*qJqrqqqqpqvqq>qNp^pxqqqq&q(q:qqqqqqpqq qq4qqqqqqqqqqqqqq q@qqJqq^qpqrq q q"q"q"p*#p,#q.#q$q$q$qL%qN%qV%qt%qz%q&p&p&q'q'qT(qX(q(q(q )q)qB)q)q)q)q*qR*qd*qd+pf+ph+p~ppp@qj+q ,q0,q-qZ-qt-p|-q~-pP.qR.qV.p|.p~.p@GTimes New Roman5Symbol3 Arial3Times"1h0j&`j&,[ !4  Brad DeLong Brad DeLongutton \ProxyStubClsid&&{00020424-0000-0000-C000-000000000046} FMicrosoft Word DocumentNB6WWord.Document.82.0&&{0D452EE1-E08F-101A- ՜.+,D՜.+,8 hp  ' Delong group02 :  Title 6> _PID_GUID'AN{5C5DC000-029B-11D2-8B16-C8B54AC30A17}s\ \ProxyStubClsid Oh+'0X    ,8@HP'osos Brad DeLongradNormalL Brad DeLong3adMicrosoft Word 8.0d@%@8T▽@@薽[ &&{00020420-0000-0000-C000-000000000046}r $ [4@4NormalCJOJPJQJmH <A@<Default Paragraph Font5 512347 !Q!Q!Q!Q!Q12347ewhere in the world rejected the American claim that the war in Vietnam was  the main battlefront between the West and the East over whether the destructive regimes of Communism would continue to spread. For symbolic politics came to dominate, in this case: The powerful symbolism& [of] a struggle between some of the most destitute people in the world and the most technologically advanced state in history; that it was a battle between the will, the spirit of the Vietnamese and advanced weaponry. Little could be more compelling than the stark difference between the two modes of warfare on the one hand, the characteristically overfed, jargon-replete U.S. pilots bombing the Vietnamese back to the stone age, from on high& on the other, the undernourished and simply-clad Vietnamese guerilla, able to walk for days with the sustenance of a miserly bowl of rice, archaicly waging revolutionary war against the full fury of unlimited technological power These images were far more powerful than the clash between totalitarian communism and Western democracy& . The strength of individual will (so much praised by Western liberalism) was far better embodied in the heroic guerilla wading through the jungle s marshes than in the robotized John Wayne figure calmly and repeatedly pushing the death button from the relative security of his B-52 bomber. In a paradoxical reversal of roles, the Vietnamese communists represented the triumph of modern individualism against the human automatons employed by the military-industrial complex. This powerful symbolism, and the objective reality which sustained it& captured the imagery of the  perplexing sixties and its libertarian spirit. A cynic would say that it took until the end of the twentieth century for the full irony of the left-wing embrace of the North Vietnamese Army in the name of individualism and autonomy to become apparent. Communist victory in Laos, Vietnam, and (horrifyingly) in Cambodia was followed by the by now-traditional regimentation of the population, and the by now-traditional reduction of living standards in the countryside and relative economic stagnation. By the end of the twentieth century, the Communist Party of Vietnam was earning the hard currency it needed to stay in power (and maintain its privileges) by using its control over the population to offer U.S. and Europe-based companies guaranteed-to-be-docile, very-low-wage, long-hour-and-hard-work employees. Many have noted that the best analogy for communist policy toward farmers is that of serfdom. At the end of the twentieth century the Vietnamese communists appeared to be taking a further step backward in human resource management, back to the industrial slavery of the Roman Empire.  The idea of aircrew over territory filled with anti-aircraft defenses being in  relative security could only be written by someone who has neither flown nor talked to anyone who has flown for any armed force, nor read Catch-22. See Joseph Heller (), Catch-22 ().  Analogies between serfdom in medieval Europe and the rights (and duties) of the farmer under communism.  Ergastula footnote. / =!"#$%Microsoft Word DocumentNB6WWord.Document.82.0&&{0D452EE1-E08F-101A-852E-02608C4D0BB4}Z Z&&{5512D123-5CC6-11CF-8D67-00AA00BDCE1D} IWHTMLSelect\ \ProxyStubClsid&&{00020424-0000-0000-C000-000000000046}r rTypeLibVersion2.0&&{0D452EE1-E08F-101A-852E-02608C4D0BB4}\ \&&{5512D125-5CC6-11CF-8D67-00AA00BDCE1D}e A 582 Brad DeLong2Pwrbk 1400 HD:Temporary Items:Word Work File A 582@  XA K<Gopt9<IMkno hklQRUDEVl&I J H f y w x { ^ _ , . L z +4 jkmq q q& q( q< q\ qp q q qqq\qqqq*qJqrqqqqpqvqq>qNp^pxqqqq&q(q:qqqqqqpqq qq4qqqqqqqqqqqqqq q@qqJqq^qpqrq q q"q"q"q0p*#p,#q.#q$q$q$qL%qN%qV%qt%qz%q&p&p&q'q'qT(qX(q(q(q )q)qB)q)q)q)q*qR*qd*qd+pf+ph+p~  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0ppp@qj+q ,q0,q-qZ-qt-p|-q 0qR0q0p0q~-pP.qR.qV.p|.p~.p@GTimes New Roman5Symbol3 Arial3Times"1h0j&aj&,[ !4  Brad DeLong Brad DeLong _PID_GUID'AN{ FMicrosoft Word DocumentNB6WWord.Document.82.0&&{0D452EE1-E08F-101A- ՜.+,D՜.+,8 hp  ' Delong group02 :  Title 6> _PID_GUID'AN{Unknown Brad DeLongJ. Bradford DeLong 7 Brad DeLongKPwrbk 1400 HD:From old powerbook:Website:TCEH:1998_Draft:twenty-two:Vietnam Brad DeLong:Pwrbk 1400 HD:Temporary Items:AutoRecovery save of Vietnam@00@00K<Gopt2345q q q& q( q< q\ qp q q qqq\qqqq*qJqrqpppp@GTimes New Roman5Symbol3 Arial3Times"qh0j&7j&!0 Brad DeLong Brad DeLongHTMLControlEvents4\ 8\ProxyStubClsid&&{00020420-0000-0000-C000-000000000046}r 9rTypeLibVersion2.0&&{0D452EE1-E08F-101A-852E-02608C4D0BB4}b :b&&{47FF8FE4-6198-11CF-8CE8-00AA006CB389}WHTMLControlEvents5\ ;\ProxyStubClsid&&{00020420-0000-0000-C000-000000000046}r <rTypeLib5C5DC000-029B-11D2-8B16-C8B54AC30A17}s\ \ProxyStubClsid Oh+'0X    ,8@HP'osos Brad DeLongradNormalL Brad DeLong5adMicrosoft Word 8.0d@%@8T▽@薽[ &&{00020420-0000-0000-C000-000000000046}r $ [4@4NormalCJOJPJQJmH <A@<Default Paragraph Font5 512347 !Q!Q!Q!Q!Q12347c 4jbjbSS 211]BB^4  RRRRRRRR,VRRRRRRRTR|RRvR hZ  ))d+f+j+l+$-6-d-t-~--R.T.."0R0006 j0JUxz,#.#&&h+j+~-R.~...00/ =!"#$%From one perspective, the U.S. intervention in Vietnam was an attempt to keep 70 million people out of the hands of Communist rulers Communist rulers who would violently kill some (as it turned out, about 3 million) and impoverish the rest (compare Vietnam today with Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines: Vietnam s standard of living is perhaps one-quarter of what it might have been under a government more like that of the other countries of southeast Asia. The crime committed fr/ =!"#$% Donald Sassoon (1996), One Hundred Years of Socialism(). c $jbjbSS 011]BBX$  ?""""""""\^^^^^^,)V"""""""T"|""\l"\\\ Z\  ))d+f+j+l+$-6-d-t-~--R.T..6 j0JUxz,#.#&&h+j+~-R.~.../ =!"#$%From one perspective, the U.S. intervention in Vietnam was an attempt to keep 70 million people out of the hands of Communist rulers Communist rulers who would violently kill some (as it turned out, about 3 million) and impoverish the rest (compare Vietnam today with Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines: Vietnam s standard of living is perhaps one-quarter of what it might have been under a government more like that of the other countries of southeast Asia. The crime committed from this perspective was the failure of America s political and military leaders to understand that they could not win this war not without inflicting truly genocidal levels of civilian casualties on Vietnam, and suffering more casualties than Americans would care to bear. And to engage in an unwinnable war is a crime. / =!"#$%in an unwinnable war is a crime: wars are so destructive that the only justification for them can be that the stakes are very high and that the struggle will be successful. Yet from a large share of the public in Europe, in America, and els